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Global Warming Forecasts - 2025 |
Water Shortages | Water Scarcity2025. 5 billion
people expected to experience periodic water shortages. “Greater
variability in weather patterns along with higher temperatures may lead
to droughts and water shortages. Today [2007], 1.7 billion people —
about one-third of the world's population — live in places that have
periodic water shortages. That number is expected to increase to 5
billion by 2025.” (David Brown,
Washington Post Staff Writer, “As temperatures rise, health could
decline as scientists confront climate change, disease issues studied,” The
Washington Post, Washington,
DC, Monday, December 17, 2007, p. A07) ___________________________________________________
Increasing population is driving a whole series of train wrecks. (1) Howard Passell, Computer Modeler Sandia National Laboratory Albuquerque, New Mexico ___________________________________________________
Population 20252025. World population projected to reach 7.9 billion by 2025. 7,941,443,471. (U.S. Census Bureau, “Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050,” International Data Base, updated June 28, 2010, retrieved July 21, 2010) 2025. U.S.
population projected to reach 350 million by 2025. “[U.S.
population exceeded 300 million in 2006, and we are on track to hit 350
million in the next 15 years [2025].” (Bruce Katz and Judith Rodin, “An
impending national transformation,” Politico, Capitol News Company LLC,
Arlington, Virginia, May 9, 2010) Water Scarcity | Water Supply 2025 Projected Global Water Scarcity, 2025  Source: National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 2008, p. 55, water scarcity map adapted from the original map and research published by the International Water Management Institute, IWMI, Annual Report 2007-2008, p. 11) Western U.S. - Potential Water Supply Crises Areas - 2025 2025. Water supply conflicts likely to occur in 2025 in the Western United States. “The map shows regions in the West where water supply conflicts are likely to occur by 2025 based on a combination of factors including population trends and potential endangered species’ needs for water. The red zones are where the conflicts are most likely to occur. This analysis does not factor in the effects of climate change, which is expected to exacerbate many of these already-identified issues. (Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson, (eds.). U.S. Global Change Research Program, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 48 citing findings in U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2005: Water 2025: Preventing Crises and Conflict in the West. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, DC, May 5, 2003, 32 pp. Updated from U.S. Bureau of Reclamation) 1995-2025 High Population Growth Areas and Water Availability Source: U.S. General Accounting Office, “Freshwater Supply: States’ Views of How Federal Agencies Could Help Them Meet the Challenges of Expected Shortages,” GAO-03-514. General Accounting Office, Washington, DC, July 2003, p. 58 applying data from the U.S. Census Bureau) 2025. Water-challenged California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada projected to experience a population increase of more than 50 percent from 1995 to 2025. " The U.S. Bureau of the Census projects substantial population growth by 2025 in areas of the nation where demand is already stressing the water supply. This growth could threaten the water supply even further. . . . While the nation’s capacity for storing surface-water is limited and ground-water is being depleted, demands for freshwater are growing as the population increases, and pressures increase to keep water instream for fisheries, wildlife habitat, recreation, and scenic enjoyment. For example, ground-water supplies have been significantly depleted in many parts of the country, most notably in the High Plains aquifer underlying eight western states, which in some areas now holds less than half of the water held prior to commencement of ground-water pumping. 2025. Projected population growth in the Nile River Basin could cut available per capita water supplies in half by 2025. “Consider the [Nile River], which might very well be the poster child for potential global water conflict. Rising in the high country of the Horn of East Africa, the Nile and its tributaries flow through nine countries before arriving in Egypt. The most populous and powerful of the nations along the Nile, Egypt is also last in line for its water. Wildfires2025. State of Montana projected to spend as much as $124 million to protect homes from wildfires by 2025 if current trends continue. “In Montana, where the sky is big and the population small, firefighting is digging uncomfortably deeper into state coffers. While the federal government typically picks up a hefty portion of the state's firefighting costs because of its landholdings there, the state is experiencing rapid population growth along the wildland-urban interface, areas where state and local governments typically have sole responsibility for fire protection. In 2006 and 2007, the state spent an average of $45.5 million to protect homes from wildfires. By 2025, costs could reach $124 million [adjusted for inflation] for similar fire seasons and current growth trends, according to a study [p. 2] for the state legislature, released Aug. 8.” Peter N. Spotts and Candice Reed, Staff Writer and Contributor for The Christian Science Monitor, “As wildfires spread, so does the red ink,” The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Massachusetts, August 28, 2008, p. 25 reporting findings in Ray Rasker, Ph.D., "Montana Wildfire Cost Study Technical Report," Headwaters Economics, Bozeman, Montana, August 8, 2008)
 "After accounting for differences in fire size, terrain, and road access, each additional home within one mile of a wildfire is associated with a $7,933 increase in suppression costs and each additional home within six miles is associated with a $1,240 increase." Source: Rasker, "Montana Wildfire Cost Study Technical Report," 2008, p. 11) 2025. By 2025
Montana's fire-suppression costs could triple to $84 million as result
of climate change and new development growth. “Climate change
and new development in Montana will cause fire-suppression costs to
skyrocket at the taxpayer’s expense if policymakers don’t better manage
fire-prone areas, a recently released report [Solutions to the Rising Costs of Fighting Fires in the Wildland-Urban Interface] says. . . . Headwaters Economics
conducted the study, which found that while it averages $28 million
each year to protect Montana homes near forestlands from wildfire, new
construction and global warming will fuel more fires and those costs
could triple [to $84 million] by 2025. See a more comprehensive summary of global warming fire forecasts. Heat Waves, Global
Warming 2025 2025. Stanford
study projects that intense heat waves are likely to occur as many as
five times between 2020 and 2029 over areas of the western and central
U.S. “Exceptionally long heat waves
and other hot events could become commonplace in the United States in
the next 30 years [2010 – 2039], according to a new study by Stanford
University climate scientists. ‘Using a large suite of climate model
experiments, we see a clear emergence of much more intense, hot
conditions in the U.S. within the next three decades,’ said Noah Diffenbaugh, an assistant professor of environmental Earth system science at Stanford and the lead author of the study. . . . The [study, Intensification of hot extremes in the United States], took two years to complete and is co-authored by Moetasim Ashfaq, a former Stanford postdoctoral fellow now at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Number of Extremely Hot Seasons 2025 Decade (2020 - 2029) Projected heat for U.S. 2020-2029 Source: Diffenbaugh and Ashfaq, Aug., 6, 2010 Heat wave impact and policy questions:
___________________________________________________ 2025. 101 additional heat- and air pollution-related deaths projected for Seattle area in 2025 due to climate change. “Climate change in [the state of] Washington will likely lead to significantly more heat- and air pollution-related deaths throughout this century. Projected warming would likely result in 101 additional deaths among persons aged 45 and above during heat events in 2025 and 156 additional deaths in 2045 in the greater Seattle area alone [relative to 1980 – 2006]. By mid-century [2050], King County will likely experience 132 additional deaths between May and September annually due to worsened air quality caused by climate change." (Climate Impacts Group, 2009. The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment, M. McGuire Elsner, J. Littell, and L Whitely Binder (eds). Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, p. 2) ___________________________________________________ | Electric Power Supply and Global Warming2025. U.S. electric power production highly likely to be limited by water shortages. “There is a high likelihood that water shortages will limit power plant electricity production in many regions. Future water constraints on electricity production in thermal power plants are projected for Arizona, Utah, Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, California, Oregon, and Washington state by 2025. Additional parts of the United States could face similar constraints as a result of drought, growing populations, and increasing demand for water for various uses, at least seasonally. Situations where the development of new power plants is being slowed down or halted due to inadequate cooling water are becoming more frequent throughout the nation." (Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson, (eds.). U.S. Global Change Research Program, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 56 citing findings of Bull, S.R., D.E. Bilello, J. Ekmann, M.J. Sale, and D.K. Schmalzer, 2007: Effects of climate change on energy production and distribution in the United States, in Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States, [Wilbanks, T.J., V. Bhatt, D.E. Bilello, S.R. Bull, J. Ekmann, W.C. Horak, Y.J. Huang, M.D. Levine, M.J. Sale, D.K. Schmalzer, and M.J. Scott (eds.)]. Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.5. U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC, pp. 45-80) Energy Consumption 2025
2025. Despite energy efficiency trends total energy consumption will rise by about 50% over the period 2005 - 2025. “The single most important factor affecting the demand for energy will be global economic growth, particularly that of China and India. Despite the trend toward more efficient energy use, total energy consumed probably will rise by about 50 percent in the next two decades [2005 – 2025] compared to a 34 percent expansion from 1980-2000, with an increasing share provided by petroleum.” (“Growing Demands for Energy,” Mapping the Global Future - Report of the National Intelligence Council's 2020 Project - Based on Consultations With Non-Governmental Experts Around the World, NIC 200413, U.S. Government Printing Office, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, December 2004, p. 62) ___________________________________________________ “We were really surprised by these
huge straightforward [energy efficiency] opportunities that are not
being taken. In some senses, there is a big market failure.” (3) Diana Farrell, Director McKinsey Global Institute Commenting on the failure of the marketplace to capitalize on the cost savings and profit-maximizing opportunities of implementing energy efficiency measures. ___________________________________________________ “I do believe we will be importing oil in 2025.” (4) David O'Reilly ___________________________________________________ Cleantech Greentech and Global Warming2025. Cleantech will be inadequate and new technologies will not be commercially viable by 2025 to end U.S. dependence on fossil fuels. “Will clean tech save us by 2025? Will it end our dependence on global-warming fossil fuels by then? Not very likely, says the U.S. government's National Intelligence Council. ‘All current technologies are inadequate for replacing the traditional energy architecture on the scale needed, and new energy technologies probably will not be commercially viable and widespread by 2025. [The pace of technological innovation will be key. Even with a favorable policy and funding environment for biofuels, clean coal, or hydrogen, the transition to new fuels will be slow. Major technologies historically have had an ‘adoption lag.’ In the energy sector, a recent study found that it takes an average of 25 years for a new production technology to become widely adopted.]’ So says the council's just-released report, "Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World." (Andrew S. Ross, “The Bottom Line,” San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco, California, December 8, 2008, p. D1 quoting from National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 2008, p. viii)
2025. Distributed
energy and renewable micro-generation projects implemented by many small
economic actors offers the greatest possibility for overcoming the
energy infrastructure cost hurdle by 2025.
“Despite what are seen as long odds now, we cannot rule out the
possibility of an energy transition by 2025 that would avoid the costs
of an energy infrastructure overhaul. The greatest possibility for a
relatively quick and inexpensive transition during the period comes from
better renewable generation sources (photovoltaic and wind) and
improvements in battery technology. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 20252025. Projected
starting point when melting permafrost begins a likely irreversible
release of 190 gigatons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. “Thawing permafrost
is threatening to overwhelm attempts to keep the planet from getting
too hot for human survival. Without major reductions in the use of
fossil fuels, as much as two-thirds of the world's gigantic storehouse
of frozen carbon could be released, a new study [Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming]
reported. That would push global temperatures several degrees higher,
making large parts of the planet uninhabitable. Once the Arctic gets
warm enough, the carbon and methane emissions from thawing permafrost
will kick-start a feedback that will amplify the current warming rate,
says Kevin Schaefer, a scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado." 2025. India’s greenhouse gas emissions could rise 70% by 2025. “India, though behind its Asian rival [China], could see greenhouse-gas emissions that rise 70% by 2025, according to the World Resources Institute. But the nearly double-digit growth rates that are responsible for those nightmare projections also present an environmental opportunity. ‘Anything you want to do about clean energy is easier to do from the outset,’ says David Moskowitz, an energy consultant who has advised Chinese officials. ‘Every time they [China] add a power plant or factory, they can add one cleaner and better than before.’ China and Climate Change 2025___________________________________________________ “There is no solution to climate change without China.” (5) ___________________________________________________ Climate Change Winners2025. Russia projected to be a climate change winner. “Russia has the potential to gain the most from increasingly temperate weather. Russia has vast untapped reserves of natural gas and oil in Siberia and also offshore in the Arctic, and warmer temperatures should make the reserves considerably more accessible. This would be a huge boon to the Russian economy, as presently 80 percent of the country’s exports and 32 percent of government revenues derive from the production of energy and raw materials. In addition, the opening of an Arctic waterway could provide economic and commercial advantages. However, Russia could be hurt by damaged infrastructure as the Arctic tundra melts and will need new technology to develop the region’s fossil energy.” (National
Intelligence Council, Global
Trends 2025: A Transformed World,
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 2008, p. 52) 2025. Canada projected to benefit from climate change. “Canada will be spared several serious North American climate-related developments— intense hurricanes and withering heat waves—and climate change could open up millions of square miles to development. Access to the resource-rich Hudson Bay would be improved, and being a circumpolar power ringing a major portion of a warming Arctic could be a geopolitical and economic bonus. Additionally, agricultural growing seasons will lengthen, net energy demand for heating/cooling will likely drop, and forests will expand somewhat into the tundra. However, not all soil in Canada can take advantage of the change in growing season, and some forest products are already experiencing damage due to changes in pest infestation enabled by warmer climates.” (National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 2008, p. 52) ___________________________________________________ What's surprising, and a bit worrisome, is that the [Greenland ice sheet] is melting so fast that we can actually see the land uplift in response. Even more surprising, the rise seems to be accelerating, implying that melting is accelerating. (2) — Timothy Dixon Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science ___________________________________________________ Greenland Ice Sheet2025. Greenland’s coastal lands projected to rise at a rate of 2 inches per year due to the melting of the Greenland ice sheet. “Scientists are astounded as rapid ice meltdown in Greenland is causing the land to rise quickly. Moving glaciers in Greenland form dense icecaps up to 2 km thick that covers most of the island. These icecaps also press down hard on the land beneath, lowering its elevation. Scientists from the University of Miami have now found that these icecaps are melting, causing some coastal lands to rise by nearly one inch per year. If this trend continues, that number could accelerate to as much as two inches per year by 2025, explains Tim Dixon, professor of geophysics at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) and principal investigator of the study.” (No author credited, “Greenland rapidly rising due to ice melting,” The Hindustan Times, London, England, May 19, 2010 citing findings in Yan Jiang, Timothy H. Dixon, Shimon Wdowinski, 'Accelerating uplift in the North Atlantic region as an indicator of ice loss', Nature Geoscience, May 2010; doi: 10.1038/ngeo845) Permafrost Melting 20252025. Approximate
year when more carbon emissions will begin being outgassed from Arctic
permafrost than carbon is taken up by the tundra. “[S]cientists
have documented significant melting of the underground permafrost, from
Alaska to eastern Siberia. The rising temperatures [in the Arctic] have
lengthened the growing season of the Arctic summer, which has increased
plant growth and the consequent uptake of carbon dioxide. However, by
around 2025 this will go into reverse and the thawing permafrost will
release more carbon than is being taken up by the tundra growing above
it, [Dr. Kevin Schaefer of the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center
in Boulder, Colorado] said." (Steve Connor, Science Editor, “Melting
of the Arctic 'will accelerate climate change within 20 years', The Independent, Monday, May 30, 2011 reporting findings in Kevin Schaefer, Tingjun Zhang, Lori Bruhwiler, Andrew P. Barrett. Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming, Tellus B, 63: 165–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x, Volume 63, Issue 2, pages 165–180, April 2011) Rising Sea Level Global Warming 20252025. EPA predicts rise in sea levels of 2 feet by 2025.
“The doomsday headlines (Sunbelt Moving North, Warming Spells Disaster)
were unduly alarmist, and much of the information was well known to
scientists. But last week a media brouhaha was triggered by new studies
from the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Academy of
Sciences. Both groups agreed on a startling prognosis: the earth is
warming up from all the carbon dioxide being spilled into the
atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, and worse, the first effects
of the climatic changes could be felt as early as the 1990s. The EPA
predicted temperature increases of nearly 4° F by the year 2040; a rise
in sea levels of 2 feet by 2025 (thereby inundating some low-lying
areas in coastal cities such as Charleston, S.C., and Galveston,
Texas); and drastically changing rainfall patterns, especially in the
breadbasket areas of the Midwest, where reduced precipitation could
jeopardize crops. Nothing, not even a sharp cutback in the use of
fossil fuels, the EPA added, could alter this climatic course.”
Emphasis added. Global warming 2025. (Frederic Golden and Jay Branegan, “Environment: Hot Times for the Old
Orb,” Time Magazine, Monday, Oct. 31, 1983) Agriculture, Food Supplies, Food Security2025. Decreased agricultural output caused by global warming projected to have devastating impact on developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. “Climate change is expected to exacerbate resource scarcities. Although the impact of climate change will vary by region, a number of regions will begin to suffer harmful effects, particularly water scarcity and loss of agricultural production. Regional differences in agricultural production are likely to become more pronounced over time with declines disproportionately concentrated in developing countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural losses are expected to mount with substantial impacts forecast by most economists by late this century. For many developing countries, decreased agricultural output will be devastating because agriculture accounts for a large share of their economies and many of their citizens live close to subsistence levels.” (National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 2008, p. viii) 2025. Population growth projected to cause 36 countries to be either cropland or freshwater scarce by 2025. “Lack of access to stable supplies of water is reaching critical proportions, particularly for agricultural purposes, and the problem will worsen because of rapid urbanization worldwide and the roughly 1.2 billion persons to be added over the next 20 years. Today [2008], experts consider 21 countries, with a combined population of about 600 million, to be either cropland or freshwater scarce. Owing to continuing population growth, 36 countries, with about 1.4 billion people, are projected to fall into this category by 2025.” (National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 2008, p. viii) Fisheries and Food2022. Projection that there will be no cod left by 2022 if cod fisheries continue to be fished at current rates. “Cod and other commercial ground fish are caught in a net in the Gulf of Maine. Our appetite for fish is wreaking havoc on aquatic populations worldwide. The conservation group World Wildlife Fund predicts that if cod fisheries continue to be fished at current rates, there will be no cod left by 2022.” (National Geographic editors, “Cod Caught in a Net, Gulf of Maine,” National Geographic, undated, retrieved Saturday, June 12, 2010) Temperatures 2025 2025. Global temperatures projected to increase by 2 degrees. “A U.N.-sponsored panel [the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] of experts has concluded that worldwide temperatures will rise an unprecedented 2 degrees within 35 years [2025] and 5.4 degrees by the end of the next century if nothing is done to combat global warming. The forecast [Climate Change – The IPCC Scientific Assessment, 1990], issued Friday [May 25, 1990] in Britain, predicts that temperatures would be greater than any experienced in the past 10,000 years. Warming to that extent would raise sea levels 8 inches [20 centimeters] by the year 2030 and more than 2 feet by the end of the next century as ocean water expands and polar ice melts, the report said. The conclusions, based on the work of more than 300 climate experts from around the world, are said to represent the most exhaustive examination yet of the prospect for global warming.” (Michael Weisskopf and William Booth, Washington Post, “Study predicts 2-degree warming by 2025,” Austin American-Statesman, Austin, Texas, Saturday, May 26, 1990, p. A1) |
Other Events, Forecasts and Projections Converging in 2025
Medical Care Workforce2025. Shortage of U.S. physicians projected for 2025. “The United States faces a shortage of between 124,000 and 159,000 physicians by 2025. Already at least 22 states and 15 medical specialties have reported physician workforce shortages, including in medically underserved regions and front-line specialties including primary care and general surgery. . . . The American Medical Association (AMA) adopted today at its Annual Meeting new policies to strengthen the physician workforce to meet the nation's growing health care needs.” (American Medical Association, “AMA Works to Strengthen the Physician Workforce to Meet the Nation's Health Care Needs - U.S. Faces a Shortage of Between 124,000 and 159,000 Physicians by 2025,” PR Newswire, Chicago, Illinois, June 14, 2010) Disease 2025. Number of adults suffering from diabetes worldwide projected to reach 380 million by 2025. “The International Diabetes Foundation estimates there are 246 million adults worldwide suffering from diabetes today; by 2025, the figure is expected to reach 380 million.” (“Diabetes Reaching Epidemic Numbers Worldwide - New cases of diabetes in U.S. alone expected to double in next 25 years,” PR Newswire, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 13, 2010) | China2025. Year China could overtake the U.S. as the world’s biggest economic power. “China’s rocketing economy could overtake the US within 25 years, according to the author of a new book on the country. Oded Shenkar said China's mix of cheap but skilled workers, imported new technology and economies of scale made it very competitive and on course to be the biggest economic power about 20 years earlier than other analysts believed. He said: ‘The rise of China is a watershed. I compare it to the rise of the United States in the late 19th century.’” (“China 'biggest economy by 2025’,” The Evening Standard, London, England, February 9, 2005) Peruse books by Oded Shenkar. Aging Population2025. U.S. cities may not be able to support aging citizens if current trends continue. “Should these trends continue, America in 2025 may have cities that can't support their aging citizens; transportation infrastructure ill-equipped to meet the needs of young or old, and a gap between rich and poor that could grow with our population.” (Bruce Katz and Judith Rodin, “An impending national transformation,” Politico, Capitol News Company LLC, Arlington, Virginia, May 9, 2010) Weather Forecasting2025. Weather forecasts in the zero to 2-day time frame predicted to be essentially perfect.
“And what's the forecast for forecasting ordinary weather—the cold
fronts, drizzle, and sunshine that are the backdrop to most people's
lives? Steady improvement, says Richard Anthes, president of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
in Boulder. By 2025, he says, ‘numerical predictions in the zero to
two-day time frame will be essentially perfect. If the forecast says 12
inches [30 centimeters] of snow, the actual amount will be in the 10- to
14-inch [25- to 35-centimeter] range.’ Forecasts of temperatures and
storms a week out will be as reliable as two- to three-day forecasts are
today — which is to say, right most of the time.” (Tim Brookes, “How's
the Weather Out There? Forecasting the Chaos of Weather,” republished
from the pages of National Geographic magazine, undated, retrieved Thursday, May 20, 2010)
|
________________________________________________
(1) John Fleck, Journal Staff Writer, “Sandia Sees Future Water Showdowns,” Albuquerque Journal, Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 25, 2006, p. B1
(2) No author credited, “Greenland rapidly rising due to ice melting,” The
Hindustan Times, London,
England, May 19, 2010 citing findings in Yan Jiang, Timothy
H. Dixon, Shimon
Wdowinski, 'Accelerating
uplift in the North Atlantic region as an indicator of ice loss', Nature Geoscience, May 2010; doi: 10.1038/ngeo845
(3) Steve Lohr, “The Cost of
an Overheated Planet,” The
New York Times, December
12, 2006 citing findings reported in Florian Bressand, Diana Farrell,
Pedro Haas, Fabrice Morin, Scott Nyquist, Jaana Remes, Sebastian Roemer,
Matt Rogers, Jaeson Rosenfeld, Jonathan Woetzel, “Curbing
Global Energy Demand Growth: The Energy Productivity Opportunity,” McKinsey Global Institute, San
Francisco, California, May 17, 2007, p. 17
(4) Eric Wesoff, “Overview of the Energy Landscape From a Former Chevron CEO,” GreentechMedia.com, June 26, 2012
(5) Dr. Michael A. Levi, China Goes Global, China 2025 Conference, Co-sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations and Project 2049, Washington DC, October 19, 2009
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